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AP European History
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Chapters 13-21 Outlines
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- Chapter 13: European Society in the Age of the Renaissance
- Chapter 14: Reform and Renewal in the Christian Church
- Chapter 15: The Age of Religious Wars and European Expansion
- Chapter 16: Absolutism and Constitutionalism in Western Europe
- Chapter 17: Absolutism in Eastern Europe
- Chapter 18: Toward a New World-view
- Chapter 19: The Expansion of Europe in the Eighteenth Century
- Chapter 20: The Changing Life of the People
- Chapter 21: The Revolution in Politics
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Chapters 22-31 Outlines
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- Chapter 22: The Revolution in Energy and Industry
- Chapter 23: Ideologies and Upheavals
- Chapter 24: Life in the Emerging Urban Society
- Chapter 25: The Age of Nationalism
- Chapter 26: The West and the World
- Chapter 27: The Great Break: War and Revolution
- Chapter 28: The Age of Anxiety
- Chapter 29: Dictatorships and the Second World War
- Chapter 30: Cold War Conflicts and Social Transformations
- Chapter 31: Revolution, Reunification, and Rebuilding
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Chapters 13-21 Outlines
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AP Government
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AP Statistics
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Chapter Notes
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Chapter 1-13 Notes
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- Chapter 1: Stats Starts Here
- Chapter 2: Data
- Chapter 3: Displaying and Describing Categorical Data
- Chapter 4: Displaying Quantitative Data
- Chapter 5: Describing Distributions Numerically
- Chapter 6: The Standard Deviation as a Ruler and the Normal Model
- Chapter 7: Scatterplots, Association, and Correlation
- Chapter 8: Linear Regression
- Chapter 9: Regression Wisdom
- Chapter 10: Re-expressing Data: Get It Straight
- Chapter 11: Understanding Randomness
- Chapter 12: Sample Surveys
- Chapter 13: Experiments and Observational Studies
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Chapter 14-27 Notes
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- Chapter 14: From Randomness to Probability
- Chapter 15: Probability Rules!
- Chapter 16: Random Variables
- Chapter 17: Probability Models
- Chapter 18: Sampling Distribution Models
- Chapter 19: Confidence Intervals for Proportions
- Chapter 20: Testing Hypotheses about Proportions
- Chapter 21: More about Tests
- Chapter 22: Comparing Two Proportions
- Chapter 23: Inferences about Means
- Chapter 24: Comparing Means
- Chapter 25: Paired Samples and Blocks
- Chapter 26: Comparing Counts
- Chapter 27: Inferences for Regression
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Chapter 1-13 Notes
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AP Microeconomics
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Outlines for Chapters 1-10
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- Chapter 1: Limits and Choices
- Chapter 2: Markets, Circular Flow
- Chapter 3: Supply and Demand
- Chapter 4: Public, Private Sectors
- Chapter 5: US and the Global Economy
- Chapter 6: Elasticity and Surplus
- Chapter 7: Consumer Behavior
- Chapter 8: Costs of Production
- Chapter 9: Pure Competition
- Chapter 10: Pure Monopoly
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Outlines for Chapters 11-22
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- Chapter 11: Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly
- Chapter 12: Resource Demand
- Chapter 13: Wage Determinants
- Chapter 14: Rent, Interest, Profit
- Chapter 15: Resource/Energy Economics
- Chapter 16: Public Goods, Externalities, Information Asymmetries
- Chapter 17: Taxation and Public Choice
- Chapter 18: Antitrust Policy
- Chapter 19: Agriculture
- Chapter 20: Income Inequality
- Chapter 21: Health Care
- Chapter 22: Immigration
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Outlines for Chapters 1-10
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- Notes
- AP Review
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AP Macroeconomics
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Chapter Outlines
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Outlines for Chapters 23-31
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- Chapter 23: Introduction to MacroEconomics
- Chapter 24: Output and Income
- Chapter 25: Economic Growth
- Chapter 26: The Business Cycle, Unemployment, Inflation
- Chapter 27: Macro Economic Relationships
- Chapter 28: Aggregate Expenditures
- Chapter 29: Aggregrate Supply and Demand
- Chapter 30: Fiscal Policy, Deficits, Debt
- Chapter 31: Money and Banking
- Outlines for Chapters 32-38 >
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Outlines for Chapters 23-31
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Civil Rights
Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857): The court bluntly ruled that the Missouri compromise, which prohibited slavery north of a set geographical boundary, was unconstitutional. Also stated that slaves were not U.S. citizens, thus they could not bring suits in federal court
13th Amendment: bans slavery in the United States
14th Amendment: guarantees equal Protection and due process of the laws to all U.S. Citizens
15th Amendment: specifically enfranchised newly freed male slaves Guaranteed the rights of citizens to vote regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude
Jim Crow Laws: laws enacted by southern states that discriminated against blacks by creating whites only schools, theaters, hotels, and other public accommodations.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): Plessy challenged a Louisiana statue requiring that railroads provide separate accommodations for blacks and whites. The Court found that separate but equal accommodations did not violate the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment
19th Amendment: guaranteed women the right to vote
Poll Taxes: small taxes on the right to vote that often came due when poor African American sharecroppers had the least amount of money on hand
Literacy Tests: difficult reading-comprehension tests given to potential voters by local voter registration officials
Grandfather Clause: voting qualification provision in many southern states that allowed only those whose grandfathers had voted before Reconstruction to vote unless they passed a wealth or literacy test
Voting Rights Act of 1965 (s): Intended to guarantee voting rights to African Americans. Targeted states that had used literacy or morality tests or poll taxes to exclude blacks from the polls. The act bans any voting device or procedure that interferes with a minority citizens right to vote and requires approval for any changes in voting qualifications in areas where minority registration was not in proportion to the racial composition of the district. The significance was that African American voter registration skyrocketed.
NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Founded in 1909 after a handful of individuals active in progressive causes met to discuss the idea of a group devoted to the problems of the Negro
Brown v. Board of Education (1954): U.S. Supreme Court decision holding that school segregation is inherently unconstitutional because it violates the 14th amendment's guarantee of equal protection; marked the end of legal segregation in the U.S.
Equal Protection Clause: sections of the 14th amendment that guarantees that all citizens receive “equal protection of the laws”
Civil Rights Act of 1964 (p,s): Legislation passed by congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and racial discrimination in employment, education, and voting. It helped the country move past segregation, and over come employment discrimination. This led to the Supreme Court ruling that employers could be found liable for discrimination if the effect of their employment practices was to exclude African Americans from certain positions.
• Outlawed arbitrary discrimination in voter registration and expedited voting rights lawsuits.
• Barred discrimination in public accommodations engaged in interstate commerce.
• Authorized the department of justice to initiate lawsuits to desegregate public facilities and schools.
• Provided for the withholding of funds from discriminatory state and local programs.
• Prohibited discrimination in employment on grounds of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex.
• Created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
De Jure Segregation: racial segregations that is a direct result of law or official policy
De Facto Segregation: racial discrimination that results from practice (such as housing patterns or other social factors) rather than the law.
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg School District (1971): The Supreme Court ruled that all vestiges of de jure discrimination must be eliminated at once.
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission: federal agency created to enforce the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which forbids discrimination on the basis of race, creed, national origin, religion, or sex in hiring, promotion, or firing
Equal Rights Amendment: proposed amendment that would bar discrimination against women by federal or state governments
Rational Basis Test: also called the minimal rationality test. Governments must allege a rational foundation for any distinctions they make (in terms of equal protection of the law)
Suspect Classification: category of class, such as race, that triggers the highest standard of scrutiny from the Supreme Court
Strict Scrutiny: a heightened standard of review used by the Supreme Court to determine the constitutional validity of a challenged practice
Reed v. Reed (1971): turned the tide in terms of constitutional litigation, ruling that the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment prohibited unreasonable classifications based on sex
Craig v. Boren (1976): The court ruled that keeping drunk drivers off the roads may be an important government objective, but allowing women aged eighteen to twenty-one to drink alcoholic beverages while prohibiting men of the same age from drinking is not substantially related to that goal.
Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972: bars educational institutions receiving federal funds from discriminating against female students
Romer v. Evans (1996): a Colorado constitutional amendment precluding any legislative, executive, or judicial action at any state or local level designed to bar discrimination based on sexual preference was ruled not rational or reasonable
Americans with Disabilities Act: Defines a disabled person as someone with a physical or mental impairment that limits one or more “life activities,” or who has a record of such impairment. Thus extending the protections of the Civil Rights Act to all of those with physical or mental disabilities
Affirmative Action: policies designed to give special attention or compensatory treatment to members of a previously disadvantaged group University of California v. Bakke(1978): A sharply divided Court concluded that the university's rejection of Bakke as a student had been illegal because the use of strict affirmative action quotas was inappropriate. However, the medical school was free to “take race into account.”
13th Amendment: bans slavery in the United States
14th Amendment: guarantees equal Protection and due process of the laws to all U.S. Citizens
15th Amendment: specifically enfranchised newly freed male slaves Guaranteed the rights of citizens to vote regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude
Jim Crow Laws: laws enacted by southern states that discriminated against blacks by creating whites only schools, theaters, hotels, and other public accommodations.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): Plessy challenged a Louisiana statue requiring that railroads provide separate accommodations for blacks and whites. The Court found that separate but equal accommodations did not violate the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment
19th Amendment: guaranteed women the right to vote
Poll Taxes: small taxes on the right to vote that often came due when poor African American sharecroppers had the least amount of money on hand
Literacy Tests: difficult reading-comprehension tests given to potential voters by local voter registration officials
Grandfather Clause: voting qualification provision in many southern states that allowed only those whose grandfathers had voted before Reconstruction to vote unless they passed a wealth or literacy test
Voting Rights Act of 1965 (s): Intended to guarantee voting rights to African Americans. Targeted states that had used literacy or morality tests or poll taxes to exclude blacks from the polls. The act bans any voting device or procedure that interferes with a minority citizens right to vote and requires approval for any changes in voting qualifications in areas where minority registration was not in proportion to the racial composition of the district. The significance was that African American voter registration skyrocketed.
NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Founded in 1909 after a handful of individuals active in progressive causes met to discuss the idea of a group devoted to the problems of the Negro
Brown v. Board of Education (1954): U.S. Supreme Court decision holding that school segregation is inherently unconstitutional because it violates the 14th amendment's guarantee of equal protection; marked the end of legal segregation in the U.S.
Equal Protection Clause: sections of the 14th amendment that guarantees that all citizens receive “equal protection of the laws”
Civil Rights Act of 1964 (p,s): Legislation passed by congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and racial discrimination in employment, education, and voting. It helped the country move past segregation, and over come employment discrimination. This led to the Supreme Court ruling that employers could be found liable for discrimination if the effect of their employment practices was to exclude African Americans from certain positions.
• Outlawed arbitrary discrimination in voter registration and expedited voting rights lawsuits.
• Barred discrimination in public accommodations engaged in interstate commerce.
• Authorized the department of justice to initiate lawsuits to desegregate public facilities and schools.
• Provided for the withholding of funds from discriminatory state and local programs.
• Prohibited discrimination in employment on grounds of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex.
• Created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
De Jure Segregation: racial segregations that is a direct result of law or official policy
De Facto Segregation: racial discrimination that results from practice (such as housing patterns or other social factors) rather than the law.
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg School District (1971): The Supreme Court ruled that all vestiges of de jure discrimination must be eliminated at once.
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission: federal agency created to enforce the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which forbids discrimination on the basis of race, creed, national origin, religion, or sex in hiring, promotion, or firing
Equal Rights Amendment: proposed amendment that would bar discrimination against women by federal or state governments
Rational Basis Test: also called the minimal rationality test. Governments must allege a rational foundation for any distinctions they make (in terms of equal protection of the law)
Suspect Classification: category of class, such as race, that triggers the highest standard of scrutiny from the Supreme Court
Strict Scrutiny: a heightened standard of review used by the Supreme Court to determine the constitutional validity of a challenged practice
Reed v. Reed (1971): turned the tide in terms of constitutional litigation, ruling that the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment prohibited unreasonable classifications based on sex
Craig v. Boren (1976): The court ruled that keeping drunk drivers off the roads may be an important government objective, but allowing women aged eighteen to twenty-one to drink alcoholic beverages while prohibiting men of the same age from drinking is not substantially related to that goal.
Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972: bars educational institutions receiving federal funds from discriminating against female students
Romer v. Evans (1996): a Colorado constitutional amendment precluding any legislative, executive, or judicial action at any state or local level designed to bar discrimination based on sexual preference was ruled not rational or reasonable
Americans with Disabilities Act: Defines a disabled person as someone with a physical or mental impairment that limits one or more “life activities,” or who has a record of such impairment. Thus extending the protections of the Civil Rights Act to all of those with physical or mental disabilities
Affirmative Action: policies designed to give special attention or compensatory treatment to members of a previously disadvantaged group University of California v. Bakke(1978): A sharply divided Court concluded that the university's rejection of Bakke as a student had been illegal because the use of strict affirmative action quotas was inappropriate. However, the medical school was free to “take race into account.”