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AP European History
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Chapter Outlines
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Chapters 13-21 Outlines
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- Chapter 13: European Society in the Age of the Renaissance
- Chapter 14: Reform and Renewal in the Christian Church
- Chapter 15: The Age of Religious Wars and European Expansion
- Chapter 16: Absolutism and Constitutionalism in Western Europe
- Chapter 17: Absolutism in Eastern Europe
- Chapter 18: Toward a New World-view
- Chapter 19: The Expansion of Europe in the Eighteenth Century
- Chapter 20: The Changing Life of the People
- Chapter 21: The Revolution in Politics
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Chapters 22-31 Outlines
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- Chapter 22: The Revolution in Energy and Industry
- Chapter 23: Ideologies and Upheavals
- Chapter 24: Life in the Emerging Urban Society
- Chapter 25: The Age of Nationalism
- Chapter 26: The West and the World
- Chapter 27: The Great Break: War and Revolution
- Chapter 28: The Age of Anxiety
- Chapter 29: Dictatorships and the Second World War
- Chapter 30: Cold War Conflicts and Social Transformations
- Chapter 31: Revolution, Reunification, and Rebuilding
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Chapters 13-21 Outlines
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- Extra Resources
- AP Review
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Chapter Outlines
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- AP US History
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AP Government
- AP Calculus
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AP Statistics
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Chapter Notes
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Chapter 1-13 Notes
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- Chapter 1: Stats Starts Here
- Chapter 2: Data
- Chapter 3: Displaying and Describing Categorical Data
- Chapter 4: Displaying Quantitative Data
- Chapter 5: Describing Distributions Numerically
- Chapter 6: The Standard Deviation as a Ruler and the Normal Model
- Chapter 7: Scatterplots, Association, and Correlation
- Chapter 8: Linear Regression
- Chapter 9: Regression Wisdom
- Chapter 10: Re-expressing Data: Get It Straight
- Chapter 11: Understanding Randomness
- Chapter 12: Sample Surveys
- Chapter 13: Experiments and Observational Studies
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Chapter 14-27 Notes
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- Chapter 14: From Randomness to Probability
- Chapter 15: Probability Rules!
- Chapter 16: Random Variables
- Chapter 17: Probability Models
- Chapter 18: Sampling Distribution Models
- Chapter 19: Confidence Intervals for Proportions
- Chapter 20: Testing Hypotheses about Proportions
- Chapter 21: More about Tests
- Chapter 22: Comparing Two Proportions
- Chapter 23: Inferences about Means
- Chapter 24: Comparing Means
- Chapter 25: Paired Samples and Blocks
- Chapter 26: Comparing Counts
- Chapter 27: Inferences for Regression
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Chapter 1-13 Notes
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- Helpful Charts
- Video Lectures
- AP Review
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Chapter Notes
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AP Microeconomics
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Chapter Outlines
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Outlines for Chapters 1-10
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- Chapter 1: Limits and Choices
- Chapter 2: Markets, Circular Flow
- Chapter 3: Supply and Demand
- Chapter 4: Public, Private Sectors
- Chapter 5: US and the Global Economy
- Chapter 6: Elasticity and Surplus
- Chapter 7: Consumer Behavior
- Chapter 8: Costs of Production
- Chapter 9: Pure Competition
- Chapter 10: Pure Monopoly
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Outlines for Chapters 11-22
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- Chapter 11: Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly
- Chapter 12: Resource Demand
- Chapter 13: Wage Determinants
- Chapter 14: Rent, Interest, Profit
- Chapter 15: Resource/Energy Economics
- Chapter 16: Public Goods, Externalities, Information Asymmetries
- Chapter 17: Taxation and Public Choice
- Chapter 18: Antitrust Policy
- Chapter 19: Agriculture
- Chapter 20: Income Inequality
- Chapter 21: Health Care
- Chapter 22: Immigration
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Outlines for Chapters 1-10
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- Notes
- AP Review
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Chapter Outlines
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AP Macroeconomics
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Chapter Outlines
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Outlines for Chapters 23-31
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- Chapter 23: Introduction to MacroEconomics
- Chapter 24: Output and Income
- Chapter 25: Economic Growth
- Chapter 26: The Business Cycle, Unemployment, Inflation
- Chapter 27: Macro Economic Relationships
- Chapter 28: Aggregate Expenditures
- Chapter 29: Aggregrate Supply and Demand
- Chapter 30: Fiscal Policy, Deficits, Debt
- Chapter 31: Money and Banking
- Outlines for Chapters 32-38 >
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Outlines for Chapters 23-31
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- Notes
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Campaign Process
Voter canvass: the process by which a campaign reaches individual voters, either by door-to-door solicitation or by telephone
Get-out–the-vote (GOTV): a push at the end of a political campaign to encourage supporters to go to the polls
Campaign manager: the individual who travels with the candidate and coordinates the many different aspects of the campaign
Campaign consultant: the private-sector professionals and firms who sell to a candidate the technologies, services, and strategies required to get the candidate elected
Direct mailer: a professional who supervises a political campaign’s direct-mail fundraising strategies
Communications director: the person who develops the overall media strategy for the candidate, blending the free press coverage with the paid TV, radio, and mail media
Media consultant: a professional who produces candidates’ television, radio, and print advertisements
Spot ads: television advertising on behalf of a candidate that is broadcast in sixty-, thirty-, or ten-second durations
Horse race (s): the “who’s ahead, who’s behind, who’s gaining” aspect of politics; detrimental to the substance of the candidates’ issues and ideas; public opinion polls (tracking polls) dominate coverage; tone of the media coverage can effect whether people decide to give money and other types of support to a candidate
Media events: activities designed to include sound bites and staged with appealing backdrops so that they will be run on the television news and in the paper
Sound bites: brief, clever quotes used by candidates in media events
Spin: putting the most favorable interpretation for their candidate (and the most negative for their opponent) on any circumstance occurring in the campaign
Candidate debates (s): forum in which political candidates face each other to discuss their platforms, records, and character; important tool for both consolidating their voter base and correcting misconceptions about the candidate’s suitability for office; errors or slips of tongue can affect election outcomes; increase knowledge about the candidates and their respective personalities and issue positions
McConnell v. FEC (2003): concluded that the government’s interest in preventing political-party corruption overrides the free speech rights to which the parties would otherwise be entitled
Federal Election Campaign Act of 1974 (FECA): governed campaign finance for the past thirty years; first established public funding of presidential campaigns
Political action committees (s): federally mandated, officially registered fundraising committee that represents interest groups in the political process; give primarily to incumbents; candidate might reciprocate PAC donations with loyalty to their cause
Buckley V. Valeo (1976) (s): ruled that no limit could be placed on the amount of money candidates can spend from their families’ resources, since such spending is considered a First Amendment right of free speech; allowed wealthy politicians to spend millions
Matching funds: donations to presidential campaigns from the federal government that are determined by the amount of private funds a qualifying candidate raises
Hard money: legally specified and limited contributions that are clearly regulated by the FECA and by the FEC.
Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA): limits the amount that individuals, interest groups, and political parties can give to candidates for president, senator, and representative; prevents any single group or individual from gaining too much influence over elected officials
Soft money: the virtually unregulated money funneled by individuals and political committees through state and local parties
Issue advocacy: issue advocacy advertisements paid for with unregulated soft money; much like express advocacy ads, but avoids usage of the terms “vote for” or “vote against”
Independent Expenditures: the money spent on express advocacy advertisements without a candidate’s cooperation
527 Committees (e, s): unregulated interest groups that focus on specific cause or policy position and attempt to influence the decision of voters; unregulated soft money in previous election cycles ended up in the hands of these organizations; campaign reform law had no effect on overall spending. (ex. the Media fund and Americans Coming Together)
Get-out–the-vote (GOTV): a push at the end of a political campaign to encourage supporters to go to the polls
Campaign manager: the individual who travels with the candidate and coordinates the many different aspects of the campaign
Campaign consultant: the private-sector professionals and firms who sell to a candidate the technologies, services, and strategies required to get the candidate elected
Direct mailer: a professional who supervises a political campaign’s direct-mail fundraising strategies
Communications director: the person who develops the overall media strategy for the candidate, blending the free press coverage with the paid TV, radio, and mail media
Media consultant: a professional who produces candidates’ television, radio, and print advertisements
Spot ads: television advertising on behalf of a candidate that is broadcast in sixty-, thirty-, or ten-second durations
Horse race (s): the “who’s ahead, who’s behind, who’s gaining” aspect of politics; detrimental to the substance of the candidates’ issues and ideas; public opinion polls (tracking polls) dominate coverage; tone of the media coverage can effect whether people decide to give money and other types of support to a candidate
Media events: activities designed to include sound bites and staged with appealing backdrops so that they will be run on the television news and in the paper
Sound bites: brief, clever quotes used by candidates in media events
Spin: putting the most favorable interpretation for their candidate (and the most negative for their opponent) on any circumstance occurring in the campaign
Candidate debates (s): forum in which political candidates face each other to discuss their platforms, records, and character; important tool for both consolidating their voter base and correcting misconceptions about the candidate’s suitability for office; errors or slips of tongue can affect election outcomes; increase knowledge about the candidates and their respective personalities and issue positions
McConnell v. FEC (2003): concluded that the government’s interest in preventing political-party corruption overrides the free speech rights to which the parties would otherwise be entitled
Federal Election Campaign Act of 1974 (FECA): governed campaign finance for the past thirty years; first established public funding of presidential campaigns
Political action committees (s): federally mandated, officially registered fundraising committee that represents interest groups in the political process; give primarily to incumbents; candidate might reciprocate PAC donations with loyalty to their cause
Buckley V. Valeo (1976) (s): ruled that no limit could be placed on the amount of money candidates can spend from their families’ resources, since such spending is considered a First Amendment right of free speech; allowed wealthy politicians to spend millions
Matching funds: donations to presidential campaigns from the federal government that are determined by the amount of private funds a qualifying candidate raises
Hard money: legally specified and limited contributions that are clearly regulated by the FECA and by the FEC.
Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA): limits the amount that individuals, interest groups, and political parties can give to candidates for president, senator, and representative; prevents any single group or individual from gaining too much influence over elected officials
Soft money: the virtually unregulated money funneled by individuals and political committees through state and local parties
Issue advocacy: issue advocacy advertisements paid for with unregulated soft money; much like express advocacy ads, but avoids usage of the terms “vote for” or “vote against”
Independent Expenditures: the money spent on express advocacy advertisements without a candidate’s cooperation
527 Committees (e, s): unregulated interest groups that focus on specific cause or policy position and attempt to influence the decision of voters; unregulated soft money in previous election cycles ended up in the hands of these organizations; campaign reform law had no effect on overall spending. (ex. the Media fund and Americans Coming Together)